Applying varnish and stain are two methods you can’t skip when working on wooden surfaces. Some newbies unfamiliar with the finishing process may think they’re interchangeable, but one wrong application can lead to a weak protective coating or fading colors.
To spare you from the guesswork, I’m here to break down the differences between varnish vs. stain, ensuring you have a clear understanding of which is most suitable for your specific project.
About Stain
You may not know, but most woodworkers use stains to highlight a material’s natural wood grain. The liquid pigments in these products add color to wood surfaces upon application. Typically, you’ll notice that the stain dries with darker tints to enhance the wood’s appearance.
It’s crucial to understand that, unlike paint or varnish, wood stain isn’t meant to act as a protective layer. It’s primarily for aesthetic enhancement. That’s why I always advise following up with a protective finish after staining to ensure the wood’s longevity.
And because stain penetrates wooden surfaces, it’s crucial to note that not all materials are suitable for this procedure. To ensure good wood stain results, go for oak or cedar.
When you buy these woodworking products, you’ll encounter different variations. Most of them come in the form of oil-based and water-based stains. Unlike the latter, oil-based stain suits softwood and hardwood materials.
Meanwhile, a water-based stain offers faster drying time and a more straightforward cleaning process. Other product variations you’ll find in the market are the likes of gel stain, stain varnish, and many more.
Features of Wood Stains
- It can penetrate the wood grain well and seal pores on the material.
- It brings out the natural appearance of the wood surface.
- Exterior wood stains have added UV protection.
- No mold and mildew formation because it seals moisture away.
- Wood stain application can block pores.
- It can preserve the natural look of wooden furniture pieces.
Components of Stains
Vehicle or Solvent
This wood stain substance is mainly responsible for transporting color pigments into the material’s surface. Since the solvent is a volatile formula, having this ingredient makes the wood stain easier to apply.
Pigment
Binder
The binder is the most pivotal component in a wood stain. It’s what makes the color pigment stick to the wood and ensures it dries to a resilient finish.
How to Apply Stains
Applying wood stain isn’t a complex woodworking task, but you must have the right tools to accomplish it properly. Here’s a brief guide on how to do it:
Tools
- Exterior or Interior Wood Stain
- Medium to Fine-grit Sandpaper
- Brush or Rollers
- Paint Thinner (optional)
- Lint-free Cloth (optional)
Step #1: Prep the Surface
Before you apply the stain, it’s important you clean the surface first. If it has an existing wood finish or there are stubborn stains present on the surface a simple cloth wiping can’t solve, I’d suggest using paint thinner.
Once it dries, start sanding every inch of the intended area. Don’t forget to fill all the cracks with fillers before moving to the next step.
Step #2: Start Applying the Wood Stain
After the light sanding, you can apply the wood stain using a lint-free cloth. If you don’t have one available, this product works well with painting pads, rags, rollers, or spray bottles. It doesn’t matter if you’re using a water-based or oil-based wood stain.
Step #3: Wipe the Excess Stains Off the Wood
Unlike most varnishes, wood staining requires some wiping down before the application dries and forms a solid coat. This step allows you to remove uneven and excess stains on the surface.
Wood Stains Pros and Cons
Pros
- Applying it is easy
- The drying time is fast
- You get extra protection from UV rays
- It enhances the natural wood grain appearance
- It makes the material’s color pop
Cons
- Not all wood species are suitable for staining.
- Its protective barrier does not last long.
About Varnish
At first glance, a wood varnish can be confused with a typical protective finish because it often yields clear coats. It dries with a glossy appearance, but this product forms a durable varnish coat once dry.
Although clear varnish is the most common variation of this product, you’ll encounter ones with mixtures of different colors for aesthetic purposes. So when comparing varnish vs stain, wood varnishes offer high-gloss and satin finishes.
Oil-based varnishes include poly resin and solvent formula, so, naturally, some people worry about their toxicity. However, you can also opt for their eco-friendly variations under water-based varnishes.
Features of Varnishes
- Wood varnish cures with hard coats
- Resistant to scratch and moisture
- Long-lasting and visually pleasing
- Protection from dirt and dust particles
Types of Varnishes
Drying Oils
This alternative varnish includes raw oils that take a long time to dry and cure. Common examples under this category are tung oil and boiled linseed oil. You can mix these ingredients with exterior or interior varnish for better polymerization.
Lacquers
Like french polish, applying lacquer is a popular method of wood finishing. And while it’s not technically for varnishing, it’s a process often related to stain and varnish products.
You can apply it like an oil-based varnish because they work well with solvent bases like acetone or lacquer thinner.
Shellacs
This option is also not a varnish but a resin. You may not know, but it’s a popular wood finish from a female lac bug’s discharge. Most of the time, this product yield clear finishes. However, you can also buy it in yellow and brown color variations.
Yacht Varnishes
This product is more known as a marine or spar varnish. Many boat riders and orders use yacht varnish because it forms a watertight coating that’s flexible enough to withstand harsh conditions.
While it may not have that high-gloss finish that some desire, I’d personally recommend combining the varnish with tung oil and phenolic resins to achieve the best results.
Alkyd Varnishes
Since this varnish comes from alkyd resin, users can expect it to produce a clear coating. After drying, this application forms a durable shell that suits exterior and interior wood settings.
Polyurethane Varnish
If you’re working on a surface prone to wearing and tearing, the best option to choose is polyurethane varnish. Once applied to the material, this product can also resist heat exposure well.
It’s also a wood varnish that produces clear coats. Depending on your desired results, you can buy this product in matte, gloss, or satin finish.
Acrylic Varnish
Although acrylic wood varnish belongs under the water-based category, it can resist UV exposure. Thanks to this feature, you can consider it an alternative to exterior varnishes.
It’s a clear wood varnish, but unlike oil-based products, it’s less likely to turn yellow over time.
Exterior Varnish
Did you know that exterior varnish has microporous properties? This feature allows the wood material to breathe. On top of that, it includes fungicide that protects the surface from mildew and mold formation.
Since it also shields the workpiece from harmful UV exposure, it’s the perfect wood varnish for outdoor projects.
How to Apply Varnishes
Like stain application, varnishing is a basic woodworking task that requires specific materials and tools. Here’s what you’ll need during the process:
Tools
- Medium-grit Sandpaper
- Wood Fillers
- Natural-Bristle Brushes or Paint Rollers
- Wood Varnishes
Step #1: Sand the Wood Surface
Start the process by sanding the area lightly with medium-grit sanding paper. You must even the surface out if you want to apply polyurethane varnishes.
Step #2: Fill the Wood Cracks
If you see any cracks in the wood, I recommend adding fillers. It’s not a mandatory step, but it helps yield better results.
Step #3: Start Applying the Varnish
The first coat of varnish on the wood is the primer. You can apply it using a clean cloth, brush, or roller. When using a lint-free rag, don’t forget to blend it well with the wet and dry edges to cover overlaps.
Step #4: Allow it to Dry
Before you add the second coat on the wood, make sure to let the varnish dry. The application should settle in for about ten hours.
Step #5: Do the Final Coating
After the second application dries, you can apply the final coat. Check the product’s instructions to determine how long you should wait before it’s ready for usage.
But how many coats of varnish to apply on wood? Read next!
Varnish Pros and Cons
Pros
- It forms a protective layer that can resist scratches
- It's not complicated to apply on surfaces
- You get few to no brushstroke lines when applied
- It highlights wood’s natural aesthetic
Cons
- Its application can be time-consuming
- The drying time is longer
Wood Stains or Varnishes: Key Differences
Application
When you compare a wood stain vs. varnish in terms of application, both require a well-sanded and prepped surface for better application results.
However, water-based staining takes more time than any varnish because it needs to be wet for the grain to rise. Because of this, it has to be prepared ahead of time.
Winner: Varnish
Wood Preservation
Staining is the method specifically dedicated to preserving the material’s appearance. But the truth is both varnish and stain come in clear and natural color variations that highlight the wood’s grain.
UV Protection/Outdoor Usage
Stain and varnish for wood include protective agents against UV exposure and other external elements.
However, it’s better to check the labels first to ensure they’re suitable for outdoor use. Otherwise, adding a topcoat finish might be necessary to ensure longevity.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Unlike stain products, varnishes offer more protection against moisture, heat, and chemical exposure.
Thanks to this, you don’t have to worry about potential damage while cleaning the surface of your woodworking projects. Varnishes also have a more durable sheen than stains, so it’s easier to clean.
Winner: Varnish
Prevention to Rot/Decay
Both stain and varnish products are applied to the surface to protect it from rot formation. They seal the material’s pores, preventing elements like moisture and dirt from developing into decays.
Dry Time
The drying times for stain and varnish depend on your chosen product type. Typically, regular ones from both categories take 24 hours before curing on the surface. However, poly resins and water-based variations can dry faster than this.
My Top Wood Varnish and Stain Product Recommendations
1. TotalBoat Gleam Marine Spar Varnish
Although TotalBoat Gleam Marine Spar Varnish dries with a durable finish, its coating sustains flexibility to suit changes in humidity levels and seasonal temperatures. It also includes self-leveling features and dries for around one hour per coat.
What I Like
- It only requires three coats
- It is formulated with UV blockers
- It is peel-resistant
- The application is a breeze
What I Don't Like
- It requires proper storage, or it will go bad
- May not be the best for multiple coat applications
2. Varathane Premium Fast Dry Wood Stain
One of the great things about Varathane Premium Fast Dry Stain is its 26 different color variations. This oil-based solution only takes an hour to dry and requires no wood conditioner upon application. You can count on it for varnishing furniture, doors, cabinets, and many more.
Also Read: Varathane vs Minwax
What I Like
- It only takes 60 minutes to dry
- There are wide color options
- It enhances the wood’s natural beauty
- It deeply penetrates the wood
What I Don't Like
- Limited availability
- It is not suitable for all wood species
FAQ
Do I need to varnish after staining?
Yes, you need to apply varnish after staining, especially when dealing with outdoor surfaces. Doing this will add an extra layer of protection to the material against weather conditions like rain and heat.
If you want your stained wood to be more durable, resistant to damage, and have a polished appearance, applying a compatible varnish after staining is recommended.
Can you varnish over stain?
Yes, you can put varnish over stains. However, you must observe caution during the process because the surface may suffer due to repetitive rolling and brushing.
Is sanding between coats of stain necessary?
Sanding between stain coats is only necessary if you’re using water-based products. On the bright side, it’s a good practice to consider as it enhances the surface’s adhesion for the next coat.
Is it okay to use interior stain outside?
It’s not wise to use interior stain outside because this product doesn’t include substances that can withstand exposure to harmful elements like water and heat.
Conclusion
This stain vs. varnish comparison shows that these products serve different purposes. Although they offer similar results, trust me when we say it isn’t a good idea to interchange their usage.
If you ever need a refresher on how to handle these materials, feel free to revisit this guide for clarity.
Robert Johnson is a passionate furniture maker & carpenter, sought after for his knowledge on the craft.
You’ve probably seen his down-to-earth wisdom in USA Today, Bobvila, Family Handyman, and The Spruce, where he has shared commentary and guidance on various woodworking topics.
Robert is the brain behind Sawinery, where he aims to share tips, tricks, and a passion for all things carpentry.
